I can’t imagine how insane it would have been to walk through Egypt when these monuments looked mint

I may have taken history for granite but you made me open my eyes and surely clarified previous explorations, visions and findings. Thank you!

New to this channel. Appreciate the knowledge and especially the way you communicate. In a clear, calm and relaxed way. No rushing and very good articulated. Keep up the good work. 👍🏼

Nice video. A few things occur to me: The colour red had solar associations in ancient Egypt; it would make sense for the pyramid to be painted red above the granite. The distinction between this and the other Giza pyramids could represent evolving theological ideas. The pyramid was unfinished at Menkaure's death. In the scramble to produced a usable structure in time for the burial the granite was left partially dressed and the mortuary temple was completed rapidly in brick. The mortuary cult did persist for centuries but its function was to provide offerings to sustain the dead king's spirit; they had no interest in improving the structure after the king was buried.

Thank you for creating this video about the third pyramid. You have focussed on details that have not been noted before as far as I know. You have allowed us to see the style of limestone blocks that I have not been aware of also. They differ from those of the other two larger pyramids.

Your perspective on the most seemingly unremarkable aspects of the pyramids is worth listening to and gives some of us new ways to think about all sorts of other things in our lives that before went unnoticed i.e., how a single cut in a stone could lead to new understandings about these incredible things, the pyramids.

New to this channel, but pretty impressed so far. Only up to the point where you asked the level of the change between granite and limestone. There's a distinctive grey appearance that I attributed to dust and dirt built up on the top of the casing stones as if the granite blocks were larger. It was very rewarding to see the shading stop where I was looking. Thank you very much for your approach at these marvels! Menkare's pyramid is so much less researched and even less publicized, but is none the less, a marvel in and unto itself! Look forward to many more videos, great work! 👍

At the time Menkaure's pyramid was built there had been flash flooding that had already damaged the bottom of the other pyramids at Giza. The hill behind Menkaure's pyramid sloped up 35' in a short distance while the larger pyramids are on a less steep part of the plateau and had a gentler slope. Kheops Pyramid was already quite old and was showing damage at it's base from the water that would cascade down the sides of the pyramid. A retaining wall built of granite and a granite base was built around Menkaure's pyramid which formed a sealed retaining pool. Add to that the fact that the two pyramids using granite on the casing have the lowest subterranean chambers and we can clearly see that the reason for granite was as waterproofing to prevent seepage. This is further evidenced by the fact that the granite base of Menkaure's pyramid is sloped to a gated drain at the base of the pyramid. The retaining pool at the base of Menkaure's pyramid would have been magnificent when filled.

I noticed multiple granite blocks in the picture of exterior rubble that show some sort of partial cut groove on each one around the blocks' perimeters. Also several conical bore or very large drill holes evident on other blocks. Since there really isn't a compelling theory yet (plenty of non-compelling ones abound) regarding how the hardest stones were realistically quarried and dimensionally cut and carved those specific stones should definitely be studied.

The picture quality in the video is awesome and the detail of the stone-masonry is beautiful. It's not something I would usually watch but I was fascinated just looking at the differences in the smoothed and weathered remaining dressed granite against the roughness of the limestone.

Your overview & analysis of presentation is more professional and logical than all the ‘Egyptologists’ claiming academic credentials. They tend to repeat nonsense by rote devoid of any genuine interest in the area. Maintaining the status quo & personal interests seems more important than enlightening people with genuine research & understanding. Please keep up your excellent work as we eagerly look forward to seeing more from you. Thanks.

More please! Your close up shots are the best. Top down photos all in one place even better. Gives scope to those of us that haven't visited them.

This is definitely my new favorite YT channel and the first one I’ve ever turned on notifications for new video uploads in 10 years! The way you explain particular scenarios and/or possibilities paints a perfect picture in my head and also helps clear up some of the outlandish (in my opinion) theory’s Dr. Hawass would have and has had me believing for 15+ years. Also, the idea that the nickname “Red Pyramid” was carried over to the slightly darker pyramid when the first one lost it’s hue makes perfect sense! You sir, are doing great things here and I thank you.

Excellent video! It's very refreshing to find an ancient Egyptian channel that provides comprehensive details and analysis on pyramids other than the great pyramid as well as not attributing their origins to some kind of supernatural phenomenon or mysticism. Ancient Architects recommended your channel and I couldn't be happier. You two are now my go to channels for ancient Egyptian history!

Thank you for leaving enough time on every picture for us to evaluate and create theory instead of quick glimpses. I do appreciate this a lot and it’s why your videos are my favorite brand!(:

Your respect for detail and your passion for all aspects of Egyptology is inspirational. Keep it up!

Great job on all of these. I wonder what the earliest use of the term "red" for this pyramid was? Is it possible that the word isn't referring to color, but is somehow related to the rusticated stonework instead? In much later Roman architecture (during the reign of Claudius and afterwards), rustication was considered a kind of fashion statement. Anyway, I really appreciate the depth of your research on the pyramids.

Thank you very much for your videos. I think a lidar survey of all the pyramids and surroundings would be necessary . I also think nobody has to move most of the blocks since it all could be reconstructed with proper software. Since it is a non intrusive technology it would be easier to get a permit from the authorities.

It's been a crazy month, so this video was a bit behind schedule. Thanks to everyone for your amazing support on the Entrance Vault video, I'm really happy that it's getting some attention. There are so many wonderful mysteries to investigate, I can't wait to bring more of them to you.

I wish that more presenters would choose to use such clear diction and take such care over their pronunciation. Facts + good quality presentation = excellence. Very much appreciated. Bravo!

Taking a close look at the faces shown when counting the steps, it appears to me that the granite could easily have easily gone 2/3rds the way to the top. I didn't count the steps but I'd estimate it by scale as being 32 steps rather than only 16. At or around the 32nd step, there is a very similar if not identical change in that second section or third of the pyramid. The backing stones for the top third are completely different looking and more ruggedly cut (less accurately) than those of the bottom 2/3rds. This would easily account for the name "the Red Pyramid" that you refer to. Finally, I'd just like to say that while there is still much to be learned and confirmed from the Egyptian era, I think the method and techniques of construction were recently well laid out by an engineer who had very detailed explanation for many of the architectural aspects found in each of the 3 pyramids. His theory is the most plausible I've seen or heard yet. That said, I wish I could easily find the video reference to include here. And btw - the so-called "white limestone" is or was actually MARBLE. This is a well established fact.

I personally enjoy this approach to film making. Terrific photos and video with a straightforward narration of facts. Excellent work and educational content. Thank you for sharing this with us. I’ve liked and subscribed 👍🍻

It's quite impressive howa massive block of granite can be split with wedges and maybe some of that seeming precisionwork is just the result of a huge block being split and producing seperate blocks that align perfectly. Clearly there's way more to it than that but still find it highly unlikely that an ancient civilization would somehow dissapear almost without trace.

Menkari's granite casing stones would have been the easiest to plunder. Yet, they were left scattered about at the base of the pyramid. The two large pyramids had their casing stones essentially entirely repurposed elsewhere which would have been a much harder and complex project. Is there evidence of damage from this removal? I wish someone would investigate what happened to the thousands of missing casing stones from the Khufu and Khafre pyramids.

I really appreciate your coverage of the other pyramids. Nobody else seems to care about them but they are just as important. I also appreciate your clear dialog and analysis. Great work!

I regret binging your video’s, they are just to good. Such a detailed way with deep research. Im studying archeology and i would love to do research in egypt at some point. Id definitely ask for your help. Keep up the amazing work.

I couldn’t tell if it was damage at where the casing stone stopped, but I could definitely tell that it looked like that’s where it stopped. At the 16th course like you said. Man these pyramids are truly amazing! And massive in size! I hope I get to visit Egypt someday and get to see them firsthand. Another great video sir! And I had a question, have you been to Egypt to see the pyramids?

Sliding the soft stone down the granite into the sand would be the easiest way to get it down, the additional damage to the left of the breach could be from repeatedly using that as a staging area, it would crumble and break behind the granite from the grinding underfoot. Once the soft sheath was gone they could just chisel off the granite and let it fall

I think the casing stone was done top to bottom onto the "stepped" pyramid. The capstone is quite literally a key that holds the whole thing together. The weight of the capstone would keep the top layer of casing stone from tipping off the side of the step from it's "overhang". They would go layer by layer sliding them underneath the stones above it and they would all interlock helping the ones below them from toppling off the edge And I think every course/step was part of the external perimeter ramp system. Would be very easy to create a ramp from one course to the next without any scaffolding or anything, using sloped blocks with a ramp that run parallel with the courses. You would simply slide the block up this ramp to the next course, then it just need to be slid to the side onto the next course.

The scale of these structures, even the 'minor' ones, and all in BIG rocks, beggars the mind. The fact we have no records of how these gargantuan projects were executed is one of the mysteries that abound on the planet.

I find it interesting that the Osirion Temple still retains many of its “Boss Marks” on the inner perimeter walls. Fashioned very similar to Menkaure’s remaining marks. The Osirion’s definitely appear to be a finished product even though they could have removed the marks completely as some of the blocks have smooth processed surfaces. Interestingly enough the Valley Temple has none of these Boss Marks on any of its granite walls, all of them are smooth and processed like the entrance to Menkaure’s pyramid although the builders chose to go with a polygonal construction technique.

1:10 This immediately brought to mind the unfinished Michelangelo sculptures at the Galleria dell'Accademia in Florence, which very few people pay attention to, chosing instead to concentrate on the "finished and polished" pieces (amazing works of art, of course), because they are well resolved. The unfinished pieces are, in a sense, "abstract expressionist" works, whereby the gestural, the movement of the artist's hands are forever registered; each strike of the mallet on the chisel is engraved on the marble surface like the ridges in a vinyl record's grooves, telling us a story. I feel bad the huge majority of visitors to the Galleria dell'Accademia do not appreciate, or understand the magic of those unfinished sculptures, but then again, that leaves a lot more space for 'moi' to enjoy them crowd free. This channel is most fascinating!

The casing stone that is in place strongly reminds me of Machu Picchu and many other sites, even in Europe. The same basic building techniques were used on the first 16 courses that might have been earlier work, later continued using the different stone. This occurs elsewhere as well. One would have to be there to examine it properly. We do not know what technology was used to make the facing stone as it is. It was not done by chisels.

Never had an idea this content exists.. I'm not into rocks or egypt more than anyone else... BUY this is such a refreshing look into pyramids, just the paths, doors traps etc are fascinating enough

Hey HfG your videos are definitely on a deeper level than some of the other ones about these matters ... its great to see someone analysing the data and make conservative conclusions. There are alot of unanswered questions but you do not get too far ahead of the data... I am looking forward to watching all your content .

TY very much for making these videos. Your critical and detailed analisys is greatly appreciated by people like me who also study ancient architecture in an effort to gleam some clues about how people lived and built in ancient times. By looking with a careful eye at these details we can discern a wealth of information about these ancient buildings. History may be manipulated by the controllers, but architecture never lies. I imagine a time in the near future when the dept of antiquities of Egypt will work with scientists openly and a massive 3D scan of the outer layer of the pyramids will be made with laser scanning drones so that we can study the outer layers on our own PCs. Just as well i hope they will scan the broken limestone and granite blocks at the bases of the pyramids and a powerful AI can virtually assemble the pieces back in their original positions using a complex algorithm. Such technologies are not far off and i think we may see this happen in our life time. An interesting fact is that the bottom casing of the Menkaure pyramid looks very much like the polygonal walls from south America, Greece, Turkey, Malta, Japan and many other places. I wonder is the constrcution tech was made by an ancient cycle of world wide humans that simply found and renovated the pyramids with the tech they had at their disposal. In my opinion the pyramids are more than 8000 years old and were made by a cycle of giants, so all these modifications, renovations and destructions were made by later people that reinhabited the site around Cairo in vastly different ages.

Fantastic work yet again ,i like how you concentrate on the smallest of details that most people would not bother to investigate yet they still reveal so much.

Thank you for what is truly innovative insight, as well as a potentially new way to revision how these amazing buildings were constructed. In truth, so much lies in plain view waiting to be deciphered and understood.

Great info. Never realized the stones would be chiseled AFTER being placed. Love the view at 13:57 of the city backdrop!

In my trade the saying goes “let the stone do the work “. This includes ‘reading’ the stone. This content is presented by a very informed individual who is forensically informed by the stone. A very well written article. Thanks

I found and collected what I thought was a native American hammer stone due to its weight in the bottom of a stream bed in the Sanfrancisquito canyon near Newhall in southern California. It's composition is granite with quartz. I keep it on the table next to the chair I always sit in and shortly after I placed it there I noticed quartz anomalies in the surface; that had been exposed by tumbling in the river. What had been revealed are a series of numbers on several sides of the stone. The numbers are 2s and 3s that appear to be natural quartz formations. The numbers are visible in shaded natural light, but aren't visible in direct sunlight.

Granite and water go hand in hand on the Giza Plateau. Since there was a granite base on the bottom of Menkare's pyramid, it is an indication that his pyramid stood in water.

The video turned out to be way more interesting than I had hoped. Previously, I'd heard very little about the granite, and significant historical features it possesses. Thanks

Great Video! Not a lot of people talk about the 3rd pyramid at Giza. At timestamp 12:12 what appears to be at least 3 rows of hieroglyphics carved into the stones. I'd like to see a rubbing of those stones!

Really good job. Those granite casing stones in the front center are much flatter than anywhere else. I always thought they were hiding a door.

The finishings of the "granite" stones up to the 17th Course of the Pyramid discussed seems to be similar to what we see in many ancient sites in Central and South America, as well as in ancient Greece. There is much debate as to how the stones were cut, "molded", placed and finished in Latin American archeology circles. It would be an interesting study to see how similar or dissimilar the techniques were for producing and using this building material in ancient times across the different sites throughout the world. Thank you for bringing this up.

At 8:37 you show the casing stones. The left side of that frame shows the granite smoothe, as you move farther to the right of that frame you see the stones almost curl up and become jagged. In addition the surfice is much higher. It looks like the stones were sanded or kind of tool it machine was used and then stopped. I've never seen this before. What do you think about how they did that?

Not sure how this popped into my YT feed, but glad it did. Very fascinating stuff, and your delivery is easy on the non-Egyptologist mind.

I'm new to your channel. I've been studying Egyptology for years. I'm a member of several spanish egyptologist centers, and I would like to congratulate you for your accurate information, from my humble opinion. There is still a lot of work to be done in Egypt, just to keep all its monuments and surroundings in good shape. Looking forward for your new videos.

Mind boggling how they smoothed out the casing stones, from bulky rocks to a smooth finish.

Good video and nice work. My own opinion is what you call a levelling knockoff, could not be used be used for levering as the ramps are not suitable for that, as they would simply slip off under any real load. For the antechamber in the great pyramid, I would say it is a keystone, with the only hieroglyph necessary to understand Giza. A Double Rainbow. That double rainbow is what explains the 8 sided pyramids, the 1/4th granite level of Menkaure, the 1/5th recess level of Khufu, the Satellite pyramids height and the Colour red of the red Pyramid and the Dimensions of those pyramids. The most obvious thing is two sets of 3 satellite pyramids, where the height of the Khufu satellites also indicate a height that is 1/5th of the Khufu pyramid with its Gradient of 4:Pi. That 4:Pi relationship indicates a squared circle in three dimensionsal space. The next is the 4:3 gradient of Chephrens pyramid to show back to back 3:4:5 triangles. The significance of this is that there is a geometrical anomaly with the secondary rainbow. Only when using the refractive index of square root 9/5th, 3/4th of a perfect square of light is created within the spherical raindrops and if the sun is on the horizon at dawn/dusk on the equinoxes, a rainbow opposite would form a perfect semicircle (with no tilt) and the elevation of that secondary rainbows 'blue' colour would be a perfect 3:4:5 triangle, with the square in the raindrop having a 1:2 elevation tilt. The dawn elevation of a 4:Pi pyramid would require a refractive index of app. 1.336691 for the midface for that secondary rainbow and require a wavelength through water with the colour Green at 0C. This secondary elevation would be 51.853548, but the same RI also dictates the Primary elevation of 41.544383. This would be the elevation at the corners, the result of which would be an 8 sided pyramid as they would be dictated by 1 shared RI but two seperate phenomena elevations (primary and secondary rainbow). For the pyramid of Menkaure, this seems to indicate a technical problem with the relationship of primary and secondary elevations used for 8 sided pyramids. Once you go below an RI of 1.335587, the 8 sided pyramid should actually become convex rather than concave. However, if you wanted to focus light, you would need it concave. Regardless, an RI of 1.333660 would give you a midface elevation of 51.037357 and this is Red light through water at 0C. Hence it is literally telling you it is a red colour pyramid because the rainbow spectrum colour is red for that RI. From Petries dimensions of the sockets core and casing recessed into those sockets (meaning the socket dimensions were intended to be as they are), the perimeters would be 36,000 anglo (Core footprint) sumerian inches as defined by Eratosthenes (7.2 degree Syene to Alexandria with 5000 stade of 300 cubits of 21 inch as the length) with an Earth of 1,555,200,000". This is a parallel with the length of Egypt being 5000 stade of 300 cubit of 21 romano egyptian inches as 6+1 degrees for upper and lower egypt, terminating at acos 6/7th degrees north to give an earth of 1,620,000,000". The socket perimeter being 36,500" to signify the relationship of the Egyptian primordial year and sothic calendars as 360+5 epagomenal days at the top of the year. The extended casing down to that floor of the sockets, would then become 36460" anglo sumerian inches given a consistant offset within the socket corners to the floor. As The geodetic greek Earth was 1,555,200,000" this gives us metrological scale ratios of 24:25 35:36 and 864:875:900. 1,575,000,000 / 43,200 = 36458.3' and 1,555,200,000 / 43,200 = 36,000". Hence we are showing 36000" anglo sumerian for the core and 36000 geodetic greek for the casing on socket floor. Using these dimensions for the aformention 4:Pi pyramid, would result in a pyramid with a 1/5th scale recess, that is commensurate with the height of its satellite pyramids as if to be surrogates for 3/4th of the recessed sides of a square. Applying that same principle using 36000 geodetic greek inch for the corners of a pyramid and an internal 12x12 grid (3:4:5 with 3 base) for recessed faces and the RI of square root 9/5th, would mean that the face to face distance would be 4236.923" x 2 = 8473.846 anglo sumerian and this is the side length of the Pyramid of Chephren. This gives satellite sides of 1412" which is commensurate with the satellites next to Menkaures pyramid. It would be 1/6th of the scale of the face grid it sits upon rather than 1/6th scale by the corners. As for Menkaures dimensions, along with the 360+5 day calender theme used for Khufu and Chephren, came 12 synodic months and 13 sidereal phases, where this pyramid is less than half scale of the other two pyramid. Hence 4500" x 12/13th = 4153.846 anglo sumerian. This is necessary to define the cubits of the Giza plateau. 4320 = 208 x 270/13 and 270/13 = 20.769" Major Cubit Where Mankaure side becomes exactly 200 major cubits and Chephren becomes 408 major cubits and G1 core is 433.333 major cubits. Yet Khufu casing is nominally described as 440 cubit base and 280 cubit height using 22/7 as Pi. But 433.33 Major cuits x sqrt (66/65) = 436.653 Minor cubits and... 436.653 Major cubits x (sqrt (66/65)) = 440 Minor cubits Hence 270/13 x sqrt(65/66) x 440 = 9068.966" anglo sumerian (Casing of Khufu at Ground/Paving level) So the reason that Menkaures causeway exists is to indicate the equinoxes and the reason the square foot prints along with the cardinal directions exists, is to indicate sunirse/sunset on the equinoxes and this is required to give perfect Rainbow elevation semicircles on the east and/or west horizon. Hence the Hieroglyphic 3:5:5:8 Seal on the granite leaf that is the key to the cypher of the pyramids. An antechamber whose wainscote shows 5x5 remen diagonal royal cubits has a circle with perimeter 360 geodetic greek inch (hence D'Vinci 25/8th Pi Vitruviam Man), that is attached to the kings chamber that encases a perfect 3:4:5 triangle that also defines the Geometry of Vitruvian Man (3:4:5 feet) as Megalthic Egg shaped stone circles (3:4:5 megalithic yards). Where the half armbar at head height is 1 megalthic yard of square root 8 feet at 24:25th scale (hence 10x10x10 pints and 5x5x5 gallons), where the megalthic rod of 2.5 yards was 4 remen diagonal royal cubits.

Wow 👏 your video is very different very informative and very well done I found it to be very interesting you talk about things that I did not know even though I’ve been reading about the pyramids for the last 45 years I really appreciate the time you took to make such a great video thank you❤

The sections of smooth-faced granite casings may lend credence to the water-shaft theories: housing the shaft and easing the smooth upward float of the buoyed blocks trying to be moved to higher levels (courses). The frustrations of trying to raise (buoy) granite as opposed to the much-lighter limestone used on the Great Pyramid (as well as on the upper casing walls of the Menkaure pyramid) may also help to explain the 16-course limit to the use of granite. (It is here assumed that the Menkaure "red" pyramid was constructed after the Great Pyramid as it seemed to use existing technologies while trying to "improve"--to go beyond or distinguish itself from the artistic achievements of the Great Pyramid in its use of granite (until technologically limited) and red paint (over the upper limestone casings). I very much like your insightful insistence that the study of the "debris field" surrounding the base of the pyramid would reveal a lot of information. It might take as simple of a solution as the employment of some serious puzzle players to work with you, cataloguing and sorting through 3-D computer graphic images of the field and all of the individual blocks that remain (as well as their fragments).

Your stuff is always interesting. In this video you seem to indicate that you consider block 'bumps' to definitely be maneuvering/levering aid devices. It may be that you discussed your basis for this conclusion in another video. Was just a conclusion that seemed a bit out of place when you are typically so very careful and thoughtful about any conclusion. Was under the impression the 'bumps' were a topic of continuing discussion.

Great video! It's mind-blowing how much stone these fellas processed! It really feels like ancient Egyptian construction workers limestone and granite was mastered completely. It feels like they were not really scratching their heads on how to approach stone, but it appears like they were actually quite comfortable working with it.

Sounds like Lockpicking Lawyer. Edit: And dang, your videos are good! The transition from granite to limestone at around 4:00 caught my eye by looking at what I thought was a difference in mortar between the blocks, but it's sand and detritus once you zoomed in. The blocks just fit differently, I guess.

I suspect the choice to use granite was a decision meant to make it harder to plunder the pyramid. It is a much harder stone. That's why the color didn't match all the time. Because the appearance wasn't the main objective. Plus, the base bares the load of the rest on top, meaning the harder stone would be beneficial to the structure in general. The limestone weighs less, and makes a lot of sense to put on top.

It would be interesting to see one of these pyramids being restored to its original state. Made perfectly smooth again.

All your videos are excellent and I'm hoping you won't stop anytime soon. I also hope you'll be part of a tour to Egypt after the one planned for 2023. I'd love to join, I just won't be able to make this one in 2023.

The most in the face question for me here what method did they use to finish the casing stones that result in the curious transition shape of finished to u finished stones. It makes me think of a cove shaped router bit. Also, have we ever found any blocks that still have the full protrusions we think were for leveraging? Instead of the little nubs.

Loving the content! I've been scavenging Giza Pyramids content throughout youtube and honestly, your channel is fresh, with theories that comes from some from of evidence, which you observed, studied and backed up with other sources... Keep it up!

I believe that the Egyptian head of archaeology has done more to prevent further discoveries than anybody in the past century. Why would he forbid the German team progress beyond the door with the copper handles and even refuse offers by the Germans to train Egyptians to operate the exploration robots. He also has blocked every attempt to further explore the alleged tunnels under the Ghiza platea

PS: After reviewing this video yet again, I've decided that the appropriate title should have been, "No Good Stone goes Unpolished". Love this episode.

Unbelievable work! This channel is gold!

I appreciate your calm and thorough and non-sensational analysis.

I have always been intrigued by all the Pyramids on Planet Earth and consider it more than a coincidence that they are everywhere around the globe. To me they obviously had help with at least the knowledge of how to build them and the clearances and tolerants are so precise that we would have great difficulty in achieving them today with all our diamond power tools. Your narration is outstanding and I was glad to subscribe so I can see and hear all your videos and thanks for all the work you put into them.

So glad I came across your channel. I've been interested in all things ancient Egypt, and you touch on so many topics that are so interesting and well researched. Really great work and I am excited for more!

There are so many interesting videos on these pyramids. I feel though we will never understand how and why they were built. The world's most amazing structures.

I learned a few things today.Thank you.I never take history for granite,as I think it's marbleous.

It amazes me that these people had the technology to build these amazing structures yet wouldn't have the technology for thousands of years after that to cross the Atlantic

Using lighter materials above the 16th course may be an evolution of construction after lessons of the bent pyramid. The smooth casing stones near the entrance looks like a demonstration of ability to restore the pyramid that never went past the demonstration phase. The nobs on the upper 2 courses of this 'demonstration' indicate these tradesmen were of South American origin. (The nobs were used as leverage points to move the stone using wooden poles)(imagine 2 lines of men, each with a small rock and wood pole. They place thier rock near a nob, and with 3 others, lever the casing stone a few inches towards destination. After a few metres, hand over to next 4 men)

At last, some one is talking about the other pyramids. I've always wondered what is inside the other two in detail. Nice work.

I'm not sure it would have been easy to finish the remaining granite blocks to a smooth finish, yes entirely possible, but lots of very hard work! I definitely wouldn't want to have been one of the workers!

Is there any chance that the casing stones are irregularly shaped due to erosion by sand and wind over the millennia, with the smoother grouping having been insulated by the connecting structure?

This is absolutely right I've been telling people about this for years that what's so important about just that one there's two other ones that haven't released Next To None information which is mind-boggling because all these incomplete structures is where they should have started with in the first place maybe they would have had a different understanding on what was what and how was how and when was when but they wanted to know everything so fast in a hurry these archaeologists were blindsided by what they thought was greater so it turned out to be a thing but in today's day 2022 a lot of things are being exposed and I believe that this is one of the things that should go publicly as well what's in there start doing it and it shouldn't take 20 years neither with today's technology we should be able to know how many secret holes passageways hidden Chambers are in this place but yet we are told nothing purposely and it's due to hiding stuff from civilization and I believe that's why they didn't make it that important

I was at Giza in 2010. Walking around the dunes, admiring the pyramids. All around are small shards of granite. I picked up a small pink one and kept it as a cherished keepsake, knowing that it likely came Aswan and was used as a pyramid case stone from long ago.

I would say from a structural engineering view, it would make sense to build it as it went up, the granite is hard and can be refinished once the structure is complete, consider the granite lower level as the foundation levels it has to be completed before the rest goes up, also any chambers below would also have to be constructed and the whole foundation level secure before they continue going up, make sense on many levels... 🤔👍

I climbed the Menkaure pyramid back in '88. The trick was to do it before sunrise. I figured the shorter blocks higher up were easier to raise. I'd very much like to know how the Egyptians cut and dressed the granite blocks. You might have a video on it already; I've only just started watching them. I really appreciate your work.

Subscribed! Keep up the good work! Very interested in further development!

Really enjoy your videos. Would appreciate an in-depth look at the "Queen's Pyramids" -- the smaller pyramids around the large ones. There is hardly any information on these anywhere.

I have a feeling that AI, machine learning, and 3D scanning technology could actually assist us in finally figuring out a lot of this stuff conclusively.

I think, we need to see and attempt to make a new Pyramid of the equal size made from the same type of material. That would be a project that will provide lots of knowledge, discovery and will also leave some remarkable result for the future generations to study.

It’s what it all used to look like yes, but over time the structure moved slightly… judging by the sea shells around… seems like a lot of water came suddenly into that area, I’m Not surprised that there is damage after all.

Very good and well presented. I'm fascinated by the construction of the Egyptian pyramids and your videos are great help to understanding this. Have you anything planned for the North East notch on the Great Pyramid? 👍

For dressing the casing stones, using an oxalic acid mixture to cause chelation to occur softening the stones, making it possible to roll them out with a rolling pin, like a sheet of cookie dough. It’s possible the people of the time either ran out of the mixture during the construction of this pyramid, causing them to switch to limestone (a stone that can be broken in sheets), or they found unfinished pyramids from a previous civilization (think like, Gobekli Tepe era) and decided to finish them with a material they knew how to work with. That would also explain the randomness of having smoke granite casing stones and some limestone casing stones. Sure, the theories falls apart if you look at the carbon dating, but that means you think Hawass is correct, and that’s not a very intellectual stance to take. I’m pretty confident the lower stones would test much older than the upper ones.

It would not have been ‘easy’ to dress the granite stones by his cult. One can imagine that once a pharaoh was entombed, finding the funding to maintain their tomb would have been increasingly difficult with each passing year, given that there were always NEW tombs being added to the list of sites. Moreover, Casing stones that were dressed, were either placed as the pyramid rose, or after the core was finished, but then dressed from the top down as the stepped rough cut stones would have been the foundation for the needed scaffolding for workers facing the sides. This is the most efficient way to do it and you can bet that generations of pyramid building streamlined their methods to those that were easier to perform. My guess would be that the upper tura stones were ALSO not dressed like the granite ones, and painted to make the pyramid look uniform in color and finish. This would almost certainly have been an issue of fund’s drying up, or running out of time. That is, likely the original plan was to make a pyramid that was noticeably smaller than the other two, but make it distinctive in its finish- that granite was more of an upscale look than limestone. The decision to leave the granite rougher on the exterior may have been original- part of its distinctive look… or it well may have been that they ran out of funding or time, having only laid 16 courses of granite, and so decided to opt for the much cheaper and faster painted Tura at a height folks were unlikely to get a close look at. The decision to not face the stones may also have been part of this cost issue. It would make no sense to leave the granite rough, and dress the tura smooth if you were gonna paint it to have it blend in. So I think the evidence suggests the Tura was left rough and painted as a cost/time saving solution. Which means that finsihing the entire exterior would have been a huge cost his cult could likely not have entertained. This reminds me of a visit to Caesar’s Palace in Las Vegas. In the Forum shopping area, I noticed that all the marble walls were real marble from around 2.5 feet to 5.5 feet above the floor. Below that and above that, the ‘marble’ was color matched plastic. That is, they used real marble only in the narrow zone visitors were likely to touch, where they would find the cold feel of marble, but used fake marble everywhere else, to fool you into thinking the whole wall was real marble. I can imagine the priests of this cult telling folks the whole pyramid was granite.

ive always wondered if the pyramids were another thing built like an ark of a sort to try and survive a great flood. seems like many massive floods happened over time as there are folktales from every culture describing it

Was just in Egypt. Indeed the small pyramid is interguing. I saw the granites you've covered. Thanks

These granite casing stones are exactly like those found in Cusco and many other places throughout the world, even on Easter island

Wonderful work yet again! Great research, great detail - superb!

Those "bosses" or protruding nubs on these blocks are common features on most Megaliths all over our planet. It is obvious that they were not for carrying the stones but were what is left of attachment points to a fixture in the scanning and shaping of the stones. It is so difficult for scientists to make the leap of imagination necessary in order to see what is going on here per the construction of the Megaliths.

Finally, a channel that approaches the topic in a serious way.

Thanks for the infusion of fact interspersed with supposition, it was a well balanced blend helping maintain a good delivery style and detailed knowledge.

Just found this video and it really gives a new insight by focussing on the masonry. New subscriber 😀

Okay a little while back I saw a video of a gentleman in Egypt that was at the base of a pyrimid, there where some granite blocks these were solid blocks no holes on them no signs of holes being patched up solid blocks but when he took a small rock and tapped them there was a noticeable hollow thud he started at the top tapping and when he got to the middle there was a hollow cavity, how is this not being talked about how would this even be possible?

A crucial detail overlooked in the descriptions is this: The loose joint fit of many of the crude unfinished granite facing blocks becomes remarkably tight when their faces are chiseled to flat finished appearance. It suggests that all the rough stones yet to be chiseled flat also have tight joints deeper in. This seems a real clue as to how joints were made tight. I think I know but will keep my big mouth shut.

ok- I have to get to work!!! Binged on your videos way too long today. They are fascinating, and appear professionally made. Heartfelt gratitude for the time and efforts you have put into creating them!

I think those pyramids were often modified over time by different groups based upon the needs of each of those particular times.

Definitely something different done above the doorway in the pyramid that had the lost plug stones. @15:45 the supporting stone over the door, think they are known as lintels, looks worn and thin almost like its been rubbed away or worn into an archway. In the great pyramid the lintles are massive blocks not at all like the worn one.

Whether there are 15 or 16 courses might depend on the method of counting. For example, in England, the lowest floor in a building is called the ground floor and the next floor up is the 1st floor, whereas I believe that in USA, the lowest floor is called the 1st floor, so by the same methodology the 15th course English style might be the 16th course USA style.