El Libertador Simón Bolívar || Battle of Ayacucho 1824
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The landing of Christopher Columbus on the new continent in 1492 was an event that would profoundly affect the rest of world history. Spain and Portugal, the two engines of this step and subsequent discoveries, began to divide the wealth of the new world among themselves and to exploit the indigenous people and the resources of the continent. While a large country like Brazil was left to Portugal, all lands except Brazil were left to the initiative of Spain. The Spaniards divided the land that fell to their share into administrative units called “Visrualık”, which were smaller local government units within themselves. They brought regents, which we can describe as governors-general, to head these viceroys. At the beginning of the 19th century, Latin and North American lands in the hands of Spain were divided into 4 large Visrua. These were New Spain, New Granada, Peru, and the Rio de la Plata Visrua, as seen on the map. Since the American continent is very far from the Spanish homeland, the central authority in the exploited regions has never been as strong as desired. This authority vacuum led to the emergence of a management approach that could be called feudal in the areas under the control of Spain, as well as the rapid assimilation and enslavement of the natives.
The revolt of the exploited “New World” people against the imperialist states started with the new ideas and political events of the 18th and 19th centuries. The most important thing that brought the fire of independence to the hearts of the exploited Latin America; The British Colonies in the north rebelled against London and gained their independence. Other factors in the formation of the idea of ​​independence; It was the ideas spread by the French Revolution and the British provoking the Latin colonies against Spain. the idea of ​​freedom; It spread rapidly, not among the indigenous people who had been exploited for centuries, but among the so-called "Kreol" group. Creole was a term used for the people who came from Spain and settled in new lands, where they mixed with the indigenous people to a certain extent and became great land riches. The wealthy Creole children, who emerged from this group, who were neither European nor native anymore, went to Europe, where they met liberal ideas, some of them made contact with Masonic lodges, and when they returned to their countries, they formed and organized republican groups.
It was the Napoleonic Wars that ignited everything. The French Emperor Napoleon, who swept through Europe, captured Spain in 1808, deposed King Ferdinand and replaced him with his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte. Upon this change of throne, overseas colonies affiliated to Ferdinand 7 rebelled. In 1810, they established military juntas supporting Ferdinand against Napoleon in cities such as Buenos Aires, Bogota, Caracas, and Cartagena. Although the juntas, many of which were founded by the Creoles, seemed to be against the French, their main aim was complete independence. When the real purpose of the juntas was understood, the colonial governors acted immediately, but it was too late, the attempt against Napoleon suddenly turned into a war of royalists and republicans… One of the main differences of the independence war in Latin America from the independence struggle of the United States was that it could not be managed single-handedly. In the field stretching from Mexico to Argentina, the struggle was shaped around different revolutionary leaders. The Latins did not have a George Washington to unite them, but they had Francisco de Miranda and Simon Bolívars who had the spirit of revolution.